1860s

31

Double Exposure

Ghost photography as a business in the 1860s

32

Soft Focus

Cameron's influential portraits from 1864 onwards

33

Hand Coloring

Photography has existed since early times, refined in Japan from the 1860s onwards.

34

Portrait Vignette

Studio and portrait cards in the 19th century

35

Tintype

From 1856 onwards; popular portrait photography of the 1860s and beyond

36

Pepper’s Ghost

1860s: popular stage illusion; later film and live performance

37

Spirit Photography

1861, William Mumler's portraits

38

Woodburytype

1864, Walter Bentley Woodbury's patent

39

Carbon Print

1864, Joseph Swan's perfected transfer process

40

Schlieren Photography

1864, August Toepler's optical experiments

41

Photosculpture

1860, François Willème’s process

42

Flip Book

1868, John Barnes Linnett’s kineograph patent